What country are the Philippines in?

Over the last few months, I have used oDesk to hire a couple of virtual assistants, who help me with a variety of tasks. They are coming from Philippines and we communicate over Skype whenever I have tasks for them to do. (Hi Maria! Hi Reineer!). One of the things that I found puzzling was the fact that they seemed to be online during the working hours in New York, despite the fact that we have a 12 hour difference with Manila. When I asked them, they told me that most of the time they work for US-based clients, and their work is much easier when they are synchronized with a US-schedule (real-time interactions with the clients, and so on). So they tend to stay awake until late at night and then sleep during their morning in Philippines.

I found that behavior strangely fascinating, so I decided to dig deeper and figure out if this is some quirkiness of my own virtual assistants, or whether this is a more systematic pattern.

The oDesk Team client: All-you-can-eat data

One characteristic that differentiates oDesk from other online labor platforms is the focus on hourly contracts, instead of project-based or piecemeal contracts. To enable truthful billing, oDesk asks the service providers to use the oDesk client whenever they are billing time. The client records the time billed and at the same time it takes screenshots at random intervals (that are given to the client who pays, only) and records the level of activity on the computer. This, in turn, ensures that clients can audit what service providers were doing while they were billing hours for work.

So, I got the data recorded by the oDesk Team client that show when a worker is active. I plotted the number of active workers at different times of the day (time is local to the location of the service provider, and not the global UTC time), for various days of the week. Here is the plot with numbers from the top-7 countries, ranked by number of workers:

One thing that is immediately interesting: Philippines never sleeps!

All other countries have very natural patterns of being awake and asleep; Philippines is an exception. We see that the minimum for Philippines rarely drops below 5, 000 active workers! All other countries (combined!) in their downtime time cannot beat Philippines in their low time. The supply of work is very constant over time.

There are a couple of natural break points (see the small dip around lunch time and another one at around dinner time) but even during the (Philippines) night the work keeps going on. In fact, you can see clearly the peak of employment is at around 9pm-10pm in Philippines, which is the time that the East Coast in the US starts working as well. The low point for Philippines is at around 4am-5am their time, which is 4pm-5pm in the East Coast.

Update: A couple of fascinating comments from the Hacker News thread for this post:

I have cousins that work at help desks in the Philippines, and their work schedules are designed to match US time zones. After work, they hang out at bars with happy hours designed for them - I believe around ten in the morning. They hang out, then go home to sleep for the rest of the day. Globalisation at work.
I'm a Filipino Developer. This is actually an alternative for us developers in the Philippines, instead of going abroad working overseas which will be very far from our families. We got a lot of opportunities from foreigners who want to outsource their development projects. This earns us quite substantial income Although it's not as high as when your really working abroad, being with your family and seeing your children grow up mostly makes up for it. Staying up late is not that hard as me myself is most productive at night when kids are asleep. I know most programmers share this work time.
The Data

For those that want to play more with the data, here is a link to a Google Spreadsheet. If you want more details or a slightly different view of the data, I would be happy to dig more in the oDesk database.

What is the application? Real-time human computation

So, why do we care that Philippines is awake all the time? The immediate benefit is that getting a team in Philippines can ensure the availability of labor for handling real-time tasks. If you have a human-powered application, you do not want to have any dead periods of time, where the application is slowing down or becomes completely unresponsive. However, by hiring people from Philippines, it is possible to have a "private crowd" available around the clock, by simply asking the Philippines contractors to "show up" at different points during the day/week.

What is the difference with other services? If you hire a big outsourcing company, then the expectation is that they will work during (their) normal business hours, leaving the service down for many hours. On Mechanical Turk, this drop in performance comes naturally. If you restrict your tasks to US only, the speed drops when US goes to sleep. If you run the task on India, the same thing will happen. (Mixing the two crowds tend to result in many complications as the expectations for price are very different and Indians tend to overwhelm tasks that are priced for US workers.)